Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, summarized by Sandra Dodd

Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind in the early 1980's, revolutionizing the way people see "IQ" and intelligence. Thomas Armstrong expanded that work into the field of education, recommending that teachers use different kinds of experiences. Unfortunately, some of that was diverted into educators (and home educators) trying to "identify learning styles" and going back to doing as little as they "had" to do for each student.

It can feel good to begin to understand the idea that there are other intelligences than verbal and mathematical, though. For those trying to understand themselves better, these ideas can be soothing and illuminating. Gardner wrote

"Knowledge is not the same as morality, but we need to understand if we are to avoid past mistakes and move in productive directions. An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves."

Some of the information above quotes from Dr. Thomas Armstrong's site. Because that site is so pro-school and traditional, though, I don't recommend it as a primary source of understanding multiple intelligences in the context of unschooling. Howard Gardner's original list included seven intelligences. Two are those measured at school. Three are arts and sports. Two are "personal intelligences." Then an eighth was added that isn't in any of the categories above.

Linguistic intelligence involves language use and understanding. It's not about multilingualism, though some people have a talent for learning other languages. Talent in one's own language is linguistic intelligence. Writers, poets, witty conversationalists, those who can win arguments or inspire others with words, or those who can learn well from ideas expressed in words (heard or read) are all showing linguistic intelligence.

Logical-mathematical applies not just to straight-out numbers, but to seeing and thinking in patterns, and of being scientific and analytical. Clarity of thought is logical/mathematical as surely as being a numerical whiz is.

Musical intelligence doesn't need to apply only to accomplished musicians. Appreciation and understanding of music, being moved by music, hearing tones and rhythms, as well as the ability to compose or create music fall into this category.

Bodily-kinesthetic covers dance, body-awareness, physical talents that might be used for sports or knot-tying or wood carving or physical therapy. Some people are only slightly aware of how their bodies work and what their capacites are. Some people seem to be born knowing, or using their bodies well without even thinking about it.

Spatial intelligence—what's where, how far away, how does it fit together? Those who can solve physical puzzles or put things together that have fallen apart are probably high on this scale. Gift wrappers who can spot the right size of box and wrap it beautifully might not have considered it a special intelligence.

Interpersonal intelligence is about understanding other people—their non-verbal expressions, their motivations and desires and moods.

Intrapersonal intelligence is understanding one's self in those ways. How are you feeling and why? What are your capabilities and problems and fears and what will help you move toward goals?

Naturalist intelligence involves recognizing and categorizing things. Birds and clouds, certainly. Trees. But it also applies to flags, heraldry, automobiles, computer components... the talent for recognizing a widget or a seed seems to be the same.

Existential intelligence, or spiritual intelligence—This is under consideration and being discussed, but not fully accepted by Gardner and others yet.

A "kid-level" version of these is
word smart
logic smart
music smart
body smart
picture smart
people smart
self smart
nature smart
which are used by Thomas Armstrong in his book You're Smarter Than you Think, and other places. "Picture smart" doesn't seem nearly sufficient for the 3-D modelling involved in spatial intelligence, though.

With google, I found some graphic representations of the intelligences.

The best, by far, is from a site called Learning and Teaching by James Atherton, who has an extensive site about learning (including such ideas as "Teaching" as an activity does not exist...")—anyone interested in how learning works should visit there.

Strong National Museum of Play in Rochester, New York had a display and a class or workshop about this, and here's their chart:

There were a couple of dozen different representations and there will probably be more when you find this. Try this link: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=multiple+intelligences&btnG=Search+Images



The New Horizons site has good verbal descriptions of the intelligences here.

A quote on capacity, from the book Zen Lessons The Art of Leadership, from Shambhala Press.